Hanbali School
المذهب الحنبلي
Founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE). Predominant in the Arabian Peninsula.
19,757 rulings across 201 topics in 14 categories
Dress & Adornment3 topics
General Dress Codes and Awrah
أحكام اللباس العامة والعورة(176 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if anything of a free woman's body other than her face is uncovered during prayer, she must repeat the prayer.
Required (Wajib)Because covering the awrah is an agreed-upon, emphasized obligation.
Required (Wajib)If one finds only enough to cover his awrah or his shoulders, he should cover his awrah.
+ 173 more rulings
Adornment and Personal Grooming
الزينة والتزين الشخصي(106 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to pluck grey hair.
Preferred (Mustahabb)The correct view is that one achieves the benefit (of siwak) to the extent of cleanliness achieved, and one should not abandon a small part of the Sunnah due to inability to perform its greater part.
Recommended (Sunnah)Scholars have agreed that it (the siwak) is an emphasized Sunnah.
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Rules of Gaze (Ghad al-Basar)
أحكام غض البصر(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)But he must avert his gaze (from the hired woman).
Family Law15 topics
Marriage and Marital Etiquette
النكاح وآدابه(107 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)He [the husband] does not have the right to nullify it [his wife's Ihram for voluntary Hajj]; because Hajj becomes binding upon commencing it, so the husband does not have the right to nullify it, similar to a vowed Hajj.
Permissible (Mubah)She has the right to fast without her husband's permission.
Permissible (Mubah)She entered Ihram for it without his permission, so he [the husband] possesses the right to nullify it.
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Guardianship and Tutelage
الولاية والوصاية(63 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)I do not recognize the mother's act of taking possession for a minor, and it is only for the father (when the father is present).
Forbidden (Haram)Therefore, if profligacy occurs after his money has been handed over to him, it should not be taken back from him.
Required (Wajib)His sound judgment is only known by testing him.
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Inheritance
الميراث(53 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If someone bequeaths to his heirs the usufruct of a slave, it is not permissible (i.e., it is invalid).
All scholars from whom I have memorized knowledge are agreed that the ruling of gifts made during the illness in which the giver dies is the same as the ruling of bequests.
Required (Wajib)It (the unjust gift) must be returned during a man's life and after his death.
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Gifts and Financial Dispositions
العطايا والتصرفات المالية(43 rulings)Required (Wajib)Equalization between them (children in gifts) is obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)If the impediment to disposal ceases, the father has the right to reclaim the gift.
Permissible (Mubah)Any disposition that does not prevent the son from disposing of the asset itself, such as a will, a gift before possession, sexual intercourse, marriage, lease, manumission by contract (Kitabah), manumission upon death (Tadbeer) (if we say it does not prevent sale), sharecropping, Mudarabah, or a partnership contract, none of these prevent the father from reclaiming the gift, nor does conditional manumission, because they do not prevent the son from disposing of the asset itself.
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Establishing and Denying Lineage
إثبات ونفي النسب(35 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If she becomes pregnant (from one who believes she is his property), the child is free, and paternity is attributed to him due to the element of doubt (shubha).
Forbidden (Haram)If he requests an oath regarding that (the established lineage), he is not made to swear it.
Required (Wajib)The confessed person must be someone whose statement is not taken into account, like a minor or an insane person; or they must affirm the confessor's statement if they are of sound mind and responsible (mukallaf). If they are not mukallaf, their affirmation is not considered.
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Divorce and Marital Dissolution
الطلاق والفرقة الزوجية(23 rulings)So if the usurper had sworn an oath of divorce that he did not usurp it, we would not make his divorce effective, because the witness and oath are evidence regarding property, not regarding divorce.
The waiting period (iddah) for a divorced woman and those similar to her does not end except by it (i.e., the completion of menstrual cycles).
And her word is accepted regarding the denial of compensation (in a khula).
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Sexual Relations and Their Consequences
أحكام الوطء(23 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If the sale (of a slave woman) is annulled before intercourse, she is not permissible for him until she undergoes purification (istibra').
Required (Wajib)If he knew it was forbidden, and that his ownership had ceased, and the sale is not annulled by intercourse, then he is liable for the prescribed punishment (hadd).
Permissible (Mubah)The prescribed punishment (hadd) is not obligatory with any of these ambiguities (shubuhat).
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Slavery-Related Family Rulings
أحكام الرقيق والأسرة(20 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The loaning of a young slave girl to a non-mahram is prohibited.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to marry off a waqf (endowed) slave girl.
Required (Wajib)If she gives birth to him alive, he must be returned along with her.
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Maintenance (Nafaqah)
النفقة(18 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And she has the right to take it from his wealth without his knowledge if he refrains from paying it.
Required (Wajib)If he needs a cloak or a fur coat to ward off cold, that should be provided to him.
Required (Wajib)The maintenance of the child is upon his father because he is free.
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Mahram and Seclusion
أحكام المحارم والخلوة(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)A man must not be alone with a woman unless she is accompanied by a mahram.
Forbidden (Haram)He must not be alone with her in a house.
Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a boy is] not a mahram until he reaches puberty.
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Breastfeeding and Fosterage
الرضاع والحضانة(10 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)None of these slave women (his slave woman, mudabbara, umm walad, etc.) are permitted to hire themselves out.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a man to hire out his slave woman, his mudabbara, his umm walad, one whose emancipation is conditional, and one permitted to engage in trade, for wet nursing.
Required (Wajib)The wet nurse is obligated to eat and drink what will increase her milk production and improve its quality.
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Child Rearing and Parental Rights
تربية الأبناء وحقوق الوالدين(9 rulings)When a child completes fifteen years, what is for him and what is against him is recorded, and penalties are taken from him.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory upon the guardian of a child to teach him purification and prayer when he reaches seven years of age and to command him with them, and it is obligatory upon him to discipline him for them when he reaches ten years of age.
Permissible (Mubah)The father has the right to prevent his son from undertaking voluntary acts of worship.
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Wills and Bequests
الوصايا(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)A bequest to an heir is valid, according to the soundest of two narrations, and is contingent upon the approval of the other heirs.
Permissible (Mubah)If a man lends another dirhams and says, 'If I die, you are absolved,' it is considered a will.
Required (Wajib)A will is binding on the heir.
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Iddah and Mourning
العدة والحداد(1 ruling)Forbidden (Haram)Imam Ahmad said: A woman in ihram and a woman whose husband has died must abandon perfume and adornment.
Naming
التسمية(1 ruling)Preferred (Mustahabb)If it is not clear whether the miscarried fetus is male or female, it should be given a name suitable for both male and female.
Fasting (Sawm)9 topics
Categories of Fasting
أنواع الصيام(278 rulings)Required (Wajib)Fast upon its sighting.
Permissible (Mubah)If one makes an intention for fasting at any part of the night, it is sufficient, whether they engage in actions that break the fast (like eating, drinking, or intercourse) after making the intention or not.
Required (Wajib)There is no fast for one who does not intend to fast from the night.
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Itikaf (Spiritual Retreat)
الاعتكاف(221 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one says in the middle of the day, 'I owe Allah to perform I'tikaf for a day from this very time,' then I'tikaf becomes incumbent upon him from that time until the same time the following day, and the night is included in it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Given this, it is recommended to fast, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to perform I'tikaf while fasting, and because it is recommended for the one in I'tikaf to busy himself with acts of worship and closeness to Allah, and fasting is among the best of them. It also frees him from distractions from worship and resolves the disagreement.
Required (Wajib)And because I'tikaf (seclusion) is an act of worship for which a mosque is stipulated for a man, it is also stipulated for a woman, similar to Tawaf (circumambulation).
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Things that Invalidate Fasting
مبطلات الصيام(126 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for what occurs unintentionally – such as dust entering one's throat from the road, sifting flour, a fly entering one's throat, water being splashed onto him entering his ears, nose, or throat, or being thrown into water and it reaching his stomach, or water from rinsing entering his throat by accident, or something being poured into his throat or nose against his will, or his head or abdominal wound being treated against his will, or being cupped against his will, or a woman kissing him against his will causing ejaculation, or similar – it does not invalidate his fast, and we know of no disagreement on this.
Permissible (Mubah)Ahmad said concerning someone with an overwhelming sexual desire for intercourse, who fears his testicles might burst, that he may break his fast.
Forbidden (Haram)Whoever begins an obligatory act, such as making up Ramadan fasts, a specific or general vow, or an expiatory fast, it is not permissible for him to exit it.
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Fidyah and Kaffarah (Expiation and Redemption)
الفدية والكفارة(112 rulings)Required (Wajib)If there remains an amount less than a mudd, one must fast a full day.
Permissible (Mubah)Continuity in fasting (for expiation) is not obligatory.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to fast for part of the compensation and feed for another part.
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Prohibited and Disliked Fasting Days
أيام يحرم صومها والمكروه(9 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not allowed to fast on the two Eid days, nor on the days of Tashreeq, neither as an obligatory fast nor as a voluntary one.
Preferred (Mustahabb)We preferred for him (the pilgrim) to break his fast on that day, so he could gain strength for supplication.
Permissible (Mubah)The second opinion is that it is valid to fast them for an obligation, based on what was narrated from Ibn Amr and Aisha, who said: 'No concession was given for fasting during the Days of Tashreeq except for one who could not find a sacrificial animal (i.e., the pilgrim performing Tamattu' Hajj who lacks a Hady).' This is a sahih hadith narrated by Al-Bukhari, and every obligatory fast can be analogized to it.
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Making Up Missed Fasts (Qada')
قضاء الصوم(8 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Rather, it is recommended to perform make-up fasts during them (the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah), according to those who forbid voluntary fasting before fulfilling an obligatory fast.
Required (Wajib)Then fast on behalf of your mother.
Required (Wajib)And as for vows, fasting should be done on his behalf.
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Fasting Exemptions and Specific Rulings
أحكام الصائم والأعذار المبيحة للفطر(7 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It was narrated from him (Ahmad) that using a wet siwak stick (while fasting) is disliked.
Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad said: I do not like for the fasting person to use siwak in the afternoon.
Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad and Ishaq considered it recommended (mustahabb) to avoid using the siwak in the afternoon (for a fasting person).
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Intention for Fasting
نية الصيام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And it is sufficient according to the other narration.
Required (Wajib)No fast is valid without an intention, by consensus, whether it is an obligatory or voluntary fast.
Required (Wajib)A compulsory fast is not valid unless one intends it at any time during the night.
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General Conditions and Principles of Fasting
الشروط والأحكام العامة للصيام(1 ruling)Permissible (Mubah)Continuity is not obligatory.
Food & Drink4 topics
Hunting and Slaughter (Dhabihah)
الصيد والذبيحة(72 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one rents or borrows a pond or net for hunting, it is permissible.
Then if he or someone else breaks it [after its contents have been removed], nothing is incumbent upon him for that.
Required (Wajib)If one pierces an egg and removes its contents, compensation for the entire egg becomes obligatory upon him.
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Halal and Haram Food and Drink
الطعام والشراب الحلال والحرام(50 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And eating them (horses) is permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)The Prophet (peace be upon him) forbade slaughtering an animal for reasons other than eating it.
Permissible (Mubah)For the People of the Book, it is permissible to eat their food and drink their beverages, and to eat from their vessels, as long as their impurity is not confirmed.
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Eating Etiquette and the Use of Gold and Silver Utensils
آداب الطعام والشراب واستعمال آنية الذهب والفضة(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The acquisition of gold and silver vessels is forbidden for both women and men, as is their use.
Forbidden (Haram)Do not drink from gold and silver vessels, and do not eat from their plates.
Forbidden (Haram)Their acquisition (or use) is forbidden.
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Lawful and Unlawful Food Acquisition
طرق كسب الطعام الحلال والحرام(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted for everyone to gather them (the leftover ears of grain).
Required (Wajib)Feed it to the captives. (Referring to the unlawfully acquired sheep mentioned in the narrative)
Hajj & Umrah6 topics
Ihram, its Prohibitions, and Expiations
الإحرام ومحظوراته وجناياته(802 rulings)Required (Wajib)Every sacrificial animal (hady) or feeding (it'am) is for the poor of the Haram, if one is able to deliver it to them.
Required (Wajib)Whoever's home is within the Miqat, their starting point for ihram is from their home.
Permissible (Mubah)These people (who enter the Haram for permissible combat, out of fear, or for recurring needs like woodcutting, carrying provisions, or attending to a farm) are not required to enter into ihram.
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General Hajj Principles, Types, and Entry
أحكام الحج وشروطه وأنواعه ومناسكه العامة والدخول(708 rulings)Obligatory (Fard)O people, Allah has made Hajj obligatory upon you, so perform Hajj.
Required (Wajib)The Ummah has unanimously agreed upon the obligation of Hajj for the one who is able, once in a lifetime.
Permissible (Mubah)If safety is not predominant (on the path), he is not obligated to traverse it.
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Sacrificial Animal (Hady)
الهدي(295 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And if that (obligation of seven sheep) is for the expiation of a prohibited act, then a camel or cow suffices for him.
Discouraged (Makruh)As for sheep and goats, it is not sunnah to mark them.
Required (Wajib)One of them is the Hady for Tamattu' Hajj. Allah Almighty said: 'Whoever performs Umrah followed by Hajj, then (he must offer) what is easy to obtain from the sacrificial animals. But whoever cannot find (one), then (he must fast) three days during Hajj and seven when you return.'
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Tawaf and Sa'i
الطواف والسعي(219 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)And he should say between the two corners (Rukn Yamani and Black Stone): 'Our Lord, grant us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and protect us from the punishment of the Fire.'
Required (Wajib)So, he is obligated to perform Tawaf for his Ihram for Umrah and Sa'i, and a Tawaf for his farewell.
Discouraged (Makruh)Indeed, stopping was disliked during the circumambulation of the Kaaba (tawaf).
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Special Circumstances and Proxy Hajj
الإحصار وفوات الحج والحج بالنيابة(43 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he instructed him for Qiran, but he performed Ifrad or Tamattu, it is valid, and the rituals count for the one who instructed him.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to perform Hajj or Umrah on behalf of a living person except with their permission, whether it is an obligatory or voluntary act.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not valid for one who has not yet performed the obligatory Hajj to appoint a proxy for a voluntary Hajj, because it is not valid for him to perform it himself.
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Rituals of Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina
مناسك عرفة ومزدلفة ومنى(10 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And it is recommended to supplicate with the reported supplications.
Preferred (Mustahabb)He should lower his hands and remain silent for the duration a person would recite Surat Al-Fatihah, then he returns to raise his hands and says the like of that (supplication).
Permissible (Mubah)The people of opinion said: For one who matted or braided their hair, they have a choice in every situation (between shaving and trimming).
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inheritance1 topic
Acknowledgment to an Heir During Death Illness
الإقرار لوارث في مرض الموت(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)His acknowledgment was permissible (valid). (Referring to Sufyan's opinion on a father who acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to someone who is not an heir, and that person then becomes an heir, his acknowledgment to him is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to an heir, and that person then ceases to be an heir (e.g., a man acknowledges to his brother when he has no child, then a son is born to him), his acknowledgment to him is not valid.
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Judicial Matters15 topics
Legal Obligations, Guarantees, and Agency
الضمان والكفالة والوكالة(237 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And it (usurpation) is forbidden by the Qur'an, Sunnah, and consensus.
Permissible (Mubah)Some Shafi'i scholars said that the master is not obligated to ransom him.
Required (Wajib)the liability falls upon the one who caused the damage.
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Acknowledgement & Confession (Iqrar)
الإقرار والاعتراف(80 rulings)(According to another view among Malikis, 'wealth' is interpreted as) that for which a thief's hand is cut, and which is valid as a mahr (dowry).
(According to one view among Malikis) it (the interpretation of 'wealth' in an acknowledgment) is not accepted except with the first niṣāb (minimum threshold) of zakat from their type of wealth.
Required (Wajib)If someone says: 'I owe so-and-so something,' or 'such and such,' their acknowledgment is valid, and they are obligated to explain it.
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Legal Capacity, Guardianship & Authority of Executors
الأهلية والولاية والأوصياء(53 rulings)Required (Wajib)Imam Ahmad said: An old man whose intellect is denied (i.e., has lost his mental faculties), a ban (interdiction) should be placed upon him.
Required (Wajib)The judge sells his wealth (when the bankrupt person is interdicted).
If this (lack of sound judgment) is established, then his legal dispositions are not valid, nor is his confession.
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Property Rights & Disputes
حقوق الملكية والمنازعات(43 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The right of a person to whom a place has been granted by the Imam is not removed by moving his belongings, and it is not permissible for anyone else to sit in that place.
Required (Wajib)The judge must then do what he deems beneficial, such as selling the camels to pay off the debt owed by the camel driver to the hirer or others, and preserve the remaining price for him.
Permissible (Mubah)If the judge deems it appropriate to sell some of the camels, preserve the rest, and spend on the remaining ones from the price of what was sold, it is permissible.
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Judicial Process, Evidence & Ethics
الإجراءات القضائية والشهادة وأخلاقياتها(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to appoint an agent for claiming rights, establishing them, and litigating over them, whether the principal is present or absent, healthy or sick.
Permissible (Mubah)If they agree that the owner of the house reconciles with him for his building by paying compensation, it is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)If he reconciles with him by the service of his slave for a year, it is valid.
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Slave Legal Status & Offenses
أحكام العبيد وجناياتهم(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is due on the day of demand (according to Abu Hanifa).
If he (the master) forgives in exchange for money, Qisas (retaliation) is dropped, and no money is due, for what we mentioned. Similarly, if he forgives without money.
Permissible (Mubah)His confession is accepted for crimes necessitating a hadd punishment other than theft, or for qisas (retaliation) in injuries less than taking a life.
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Homicide, Retaliation (Qisas) & Blood Money (Diyah)
أحكام القتل والقصاص والدية(19 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Killing a soul that Allah has forbidden except by right is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
Required (Wajib)If he pardons for compensation, his pardon is valid, and the lesser of the two values is obligatory (as compensation).
Required (Wajib)If the usurper strikes her belly and she miscarries a dead fetus, he must pay a 'ghurra' (a male or female slave), whose value is five camels, inherited from him, and the striker does not inherit anything from it.
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Hadd Punishment for Apostasy
حد الردة(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is not obligated to make up what he missed during his apostasy (according to a third, preferred opinion).
Permissible (Mubah)He is not obligated to make up what he missed during his apostasy, nor during his Islam before his apostasy (according to one opinion).
Required (Wajib)And he is obligated to make up what he missed during his Islam before his apostasy (according to the preferred opinion).
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War, Rebels & Non-Muslims (International Fiqh)
أحكام الحرب والبغاة وأهل الذمة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)And as for the land concerning which the disbelievers made a peace treaty, on the condition that the land belongs to us (Muslims) and we keep them on it with a known land tax (kharaj), then it is also an endowment (waqf), its ruling is the same as what we mentioned.
Required (Wajib)This land tax (kharaj) is like the jizya; it is waived upon their conversion to Islam, and the land belongs to them with no kharaj upon it.
Permissible (Mubah)And if the land is transferred to a Muslim, no kharaj is obligatory on it for that reason.
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Hadd Punishment for Zina and Illicit Relations
حد الزنا والوطء المحرم(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he was aware of the prohibition, then he is liable for the prescribed punishment of unlawful sexual intercourse (zina).
Required (Wajib)If she (the slave) willingly engaged in intercourse, knowing it was forbidden, then the prescribed punishment (`hadd`) applies to her if she is eligible, as well as sin.
Then there is no prescribed punishment (`hadd`) upon him (the usurper if ignorant or mistaken).
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General Legal Principles & Sources of Law
أصول العدالة وحجية الإجماع(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)This is a text whose contravention is not permissible except with something similar or stronger.
Forbidden (Haram)nor is it permissible to nullify any Muslim's right (through stratagem).
Forbidden (Haram)This thus constitutes a consensus of the Companions – may Allah be pleased with them – and it is not permissible for anyone to oppose it.
Hadd Punishment for Slander (Qadhf)
حد القذف(3 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is entitled to enforce it on behalf of his deceased brother, if we consider the hadd punishment obligatory for slandering her.
The Hadd punishment [for slander] is nullified if the slandered person dies.
Forbidden (Haram)Slandering chaste, believing, unaware women is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
Hadd Punishments (General Principles)
الحدود وأصول تطبيقها(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)The punishment of cutting (the hand) is a hadd punishment that is not obligated except by breaching a protected place (hirz) and taking the entire property.
Furthermore, hadd punishments are averted by doubts, unlike financial liability (ḍamān).
Forbidden (Haram)and it is forbidden to keep him.
Theft and Restitution of Stolen Property
السرقة ورد المسروقات(3 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)(Ahmad said concerning a man who finds his stolen item with someone else who claims it as his own:) it is his property, he takes it.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever finds his property with a man, he is more entitled to it.
Required (Wajib)It became obligatory for him (the freed slave) to return the stolen item to the one for whom he confessed.
Conditions for Legal Validity & Protection
شروط التصرفات الشرعية وعصمة الدم والمال(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)I have been commanded to fight people until they say 'There is no god but Allah.' If they say it, their lives and property are protected from me, except by its right.
Oaths & Vows2 topics
Oaths and Procedures in Judiciary and Legal Transactions
الأيمان والإجراءات في القضاء والمعاملات القانونية(842 rulings)If the pledgor acknowledges intercourse after the pledge has become binding, this acknowledgment is accepted in his own right, but it is not accepted in the right of the mortgagee.
Required (Wajib)It is ruled for Zayd, and its delivery to him is obligatory, and he must compensate Amr (in cases of contradictory claims of usurpation).
Required (Wajib)The garment belongs to the first (depositor), and he must compensate the other (who claimed deposit later) for its value.
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General Oaths and Vows
الأيمان والنذور العامة(44 rulings)Required (Wajib)Then he must swear an oath that he does not know.
Required (Wajib)He must swear an oath to the other if he claims it.
Permissible (Mubah)Except that vowed fasting is performed on behalf of the deceased.
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other21 topics
Public Rights, Resources, and Land Management
الحقوق والموارد العامة وإدارة الأراضي(81 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for the Prophet, peace be upon him, it was permissible for him to establish a protected grazing area for himself and for the Muslims.
Permissible (Mubah)If he grafts it, he owns it and its protected area (harim) by that action.
Discouraged (Makruh)I dislike walking on the culvert through which water flows.
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Usul al-Fiqh and Legal Methodology
أصول الفقه والمنهجية الفقهية(47 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Establishing abrogation based on mere possibility is not permissible.
Required (Wajib)And whatever is considered as a precaution is obligatory.
Required (Wajib)The third view is that more than one dirham becomes obligatory upon him.
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Governance and Public Order
الحكم والنظام العام(41 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)As it is not permissible to delay clarification beyond its due time.
Required (Wajib)O Hani, be gentle with the people (literally: lower your wing from the people).
Required (Wajib)And compensation for the loss of virginity (`arsh al-bakara`).
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Death, Burial, and Mourning
أحكام الموت والدفن والعزاء(38 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a dead body is found and it is not known whether it is Muslim or Kafir, one should look for signs such as circumcision, clothing, and dye.
Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to forbid us from burying our dead during three specific times: when the sun rises until it has fully risen, when the sun is at its zenith until it declines, and when the sun inclines towards setting until it sets.
Forbidden (Haram)[The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) used to forbid us] and from burying our dead in them [during three specific hours].
+ 35 more rulings
Slavery, Manumission, and Wala'
الرق، العتق، والولاء(38 rulings)If the buyer alone confirms the seller's claim (that the slave was not the seller's property at the time of sale), the claimant (original owner) can reclaim the slave's value from the buyer, and the buyer does not get the purchase price back.
Forbidden (Haram)If half of a slave is endowed and the other half is free, and the owner of the free half emancipates his share, his emancipation does not extend to the endowed half.
Required (Wajib)And his (the freed slave's) wala' (patronage) is suspended.
+ 35 more rulings
Animal Rulings and Welfare
أحكام الحيوان ورعايته(34 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for its owner to spend on it (the animal), due to its inherent sanctity.
As for an animal, if someone spends on it voluntarily, he cannot claim compensation.
Permissible (Mubah)It is not forbidden to keep it (a hunting dog) during the period of abandonment (of hunting), because it is not possible to avoid that.
+ 31 more rulings
General Islamic Etiquette and Ethics
الآداب والأخلاق العامة(23 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, your blood and your wealth are sacred, like the sanctity of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this land of yours.
Forbidden (Haram)No one among you should wish for death due to harm that has befallen him.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to use deception for that (i.e., to cause harm to Muslims).
+ 20 more rulings
Wills, Endowments, and Guardianship
الوصايا والأوقاف والوصاية(21 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is narrated from Ahmad that the waqf (endowment) of ornaments is not valid.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permitted for the beneficiary of the endowment to have intercourse with the endowed slave woman.
Required (Wajib)And her value becomes obligatory from his inheritance because he damaged her for the subsequent beneficiaries, so a female slave is bought with her value to become an endowment in her place.
+ 18 more rulings
Neighborly Rights and Property
حقوق الجار والملكية(20 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The owner of a higher roof is not permitted to ascend his roof in a way that overlooks his neighbor's roof, unless he builds a screen to cover it.
Forbidden (Haram)A man is not permitted to act in his property in a way that harms his neighbor, such as building a bathhouse among homes, or opening a bakery among perfumers, or making it a fulling shop that shakes and damages walls, or digging a well next to his neighbor's well that draws its water.
Permissible (Mubah)As for the smoke from baking and cooking, its harm is slight, it is not possible to avoid it, and it is overlooked (tolerated).
+ 17 more rulings
Adornment, Utensils, and Purity (of Objects)
أحكام الزينة والأواني والطهارة(17 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)I dislike a kohl stick head made of silver.
Forbidden (Haram)It is explicitly stated that the ornamentation of the girth, stirrup, and bridle (with gold or silver) is forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to possess (or make) gold and silver vessels.
+ 14 more rulings
Found Items and Buried Treasure
اللقطة والركاز(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he does not claim it, then it belongs to its finder.
Permissible (Mubah)If the heirs differ, and some deny that it belonged to their deceased while others do not deny it, then the ruling for the share of those who deny is like that of an owner who did not acknowledge it, and the ruling for those who acknowledge it is like that of an acknowledging owner.
Permissible (Mubah)It is related from Ahmad that it belongs to the owner of the house; for he said, concerning one who hired a digger to dig in his house and found an ancient treasure in it: 'It belongs to the owner of the house.'
+ 9 more rulings
Legal Stratagems (Hiyal)
الحيل الشرعية(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Do not resort to what the Jews resorted to, lest you make permissible Allah's prohibitions by the slightest stratagems.
Forbidden (Haram)Every stratagem intended only to permit what is forbidden, without any genuine meaning in it, is invalidated.
Forbidden (Haram)However, if they do that as a legal trick to buy the fruit before it exists or before its ripeness becomes apparent, then it is not permissible, whether they combine the two contracts or conclude one after the other, due to what we mentioned regarding the invalidation of legal tricks.
+ 8 more rulings
Warfare, Spoils, and International Relations
أحكام الحرب والغنائم والعلاقات الدولية(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)That the Imam has a choice between distributing it among the warriors and making it an endowment for all Muslims.
Forbidden (Haram)Fleeing on the day of battle is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
Required (Wajib)That dividing it is obligatory.
+ 7 more rulings
Rulings on Non-Muslims
أحكام غير المسلمين(9 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they display their disbelief publicly, they should be disciplined for it.
Required (Wajib)And they are to be prevented from displaying what is forbidden for Muslims.
Permissible (Mubah)If they display a cross or a lute, its breaking is permissible.
+ 6 more rulings
Medical and Bioethical Rulings
أحكام الطب والأخلاق البيولوجية(8 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Because mutilating a part of a human being is fundamentally forbidden, and it is only permitted if its retention becomes harmful.
Permissible (Mubah)If it (the tooth) did not heal, but the hirer refused to have it extracted, he should not be forced to do so.
Forbidden (Haram)because extracting it (a healed tooth) is no longer permissible.
+ 5 more rulings
Financial Purity and Ill-Gotten Wealth
تطهير المال والكسب الحرام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If teaching the Quran is permissible as compensation in marriage and serves as a dowry, then it is permissible to take a wage for it in contracts of hire.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for the recipient to wear it if he knows it is not his garment.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is more scrupulous to extract what is certainly the forbidden item itself, and this is only achieved by extracting everything.
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Weights, Measures, and Practical Standards
المكاييل والموازين والمعايير العملية(6 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)So, it is not permissible for [the determination of what is measured by volume or weighed based on Hijaz custom] to change after that.
Required (Wajib)The measure is the measure of Madinah, and the weight is the weight of Makkah.
Required (Wajib)The reference for determining what is measured by volume and what is weighed is the customary practice in Hijaz during the era of the Prophet (PBUH).
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Necessity and Coercion
الضرورة والإكراه(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for him to leave the prayer and go out to save him (if he sees someone in danger like burning or drowning, even if the prayer time is constricted).
Required (Wajib)If one finds a thirsty person whose life is feared, it is obligatory to give them water to drink and then perform tayammum for prayer.
Required (Wajib)If he has surplus food and finds someone in dire need, it is obligatory to give it to them because it is a state of necessity.
+ 1 more ruling
Rulings on Intersex Individuals
أحكام الخنثى(4 rulings)And if semen exits from its private part [i.e., the female-like one], or it menstruates, then it is a sign of its puberty and of its being a woman.
If semen is found to exit from the male organ of an intersex person, it is a sign of his puberty and his being male.
The status of males is established for whoever ejaculates from their male organ, and the status of females is established for whoever ejaculates from their vagina, because Allah has made this the norm for males and females.
+ 1 more ruling
Games, Sports, and Entertainment
الألعاب والمسابقات واللهو(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And we do not concede that singing is forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)Then what is forbidden is its practice, not merely its knowledge (if one assumes singing is forbidden).
+ 1 more topic in this category
Prayer (Salah)10 topics
Obligatory and Voluntary Prayers
الصلوات المفروضة والتطوع(1476 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)One type of voluntary prayer is that for which congregation is sunnah, which includes the Eclipse prayer, the Rain prayer, and the Tarawih prayer.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Abu al-Khattab said: And four rak'ahs before Asr, due to what Ibn Umar narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: 'May Allah have mercy on a person who prays four rak'ahs before Asr.'
Recommended (Sunnah)And in Muslim's narration: 'And after Jumu'ah, two prostrations (rak'ahs).'
+ 1473 more rulings
Special and Circumstantial Prayers
الصلوات الخاصة والظرفية(1128 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The people of knowledge have unanimously agreed that whoever travels a distance in which prayer is shortened, whether for Hajj, Umrah, or Jihad, it is permissible for him to shorten the four-rak'ah prayer and pray it as two rak'ahs.
Forbidden (Haram)Prayer is not performed for the children of polytheists.
Required (Wajib)And prayer is performed for all other Muslims, including those who committed major sins, and those stoned for adultery, and others.
+ 1125 more rulings
Prayer Conditions and Pillars
شروط الصلاة وأركانها(291 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Prostration of forgetfulness is recommended and not obligatory, as explicitly stated by Ahmad.
Required (Wajib)Prostration of forgetfulness is only obligatory for instances of forgetfulness that have been narrated from the Prophet, peace be upon him.
Preferred (Mustahabb)If one prostrates, there is no harm, and if one does not prostrate, it is not obligatory upon him.
+ 288 more rulings
Imamate and Congregational Prayer Rulings
أحكام الإمامة وصلاة الجماعة(221 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The madhab does not differ on the validity of the prayer of one performing a supererogatory prayer behind one performing an obligatory prayer.
Permissible (Mubah)His prayer is valid (in the case of one who joined the Imam bowing, bowed alone behind the row, then walked to join the row, while unaware of the Prophet's saying).
One of the two narrations (from Ahmad regarding an Imam preempted by a minor impurity) states that the prayer of the followers is nullified, because it is an event that nullified the Imam's prayer, thus nullifying the followers' prayer, similar to abandoning a condition.
+ 218 more rulings
Prayer Locations and Etiquette
أماكن الصلاة وآدابها(161 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the mosque was built first and then a path, camel pen, or other prohibited places were made underneath it, or if it was not in a graveyard and then a graveyard was established around it, prayer in it is not prevented, without disagreement.
Permissible (Mubah)If one prays on a ship, or if its water freezes and one prays on it, the prayer is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)If the sabat is over a public thoroughfare, then that is not permissible for him, and the one praying there is like one praying in a usurped place.
+ 158 more rulings
Combining, Making Up, and Post-Prayer Actions
جمع الصلوات وقضائها وأعمال ما بعدها(86 rulings)Required (Wajib)What is legislated according to our Imam (Ahmad), may Allah have mercy on him, is the takbir (saying 'Allahu Akbar') after obligatory prayers performed in congregation, according to his well-known opinion.
Required (Wajib)He prays Dhuhr with the Imam and counts it from his missed prayers, and he prays Dhuhr again at the end of its time.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a woman with istiḥāḍah (prolonged vaginal bleeding outside of menstruation) to combine two prayers with a single ablution (wuḍūʾ).
+ 83 more rulings
Prayer Invalidators and Disliked Actions
مبطلات الصلاة ومكروهاتها(62 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Swaying in prayer is disliked.
If there is not a sutrah like the back of a saddle in front of him, then a donkey, a woman, and a black dog invalidate his prayer.
Forbidden (Haram)One narration states that the prayer is nullified [by a standing or sleeping black dog in front of the worshiper] because its presence in front of him resembles something passing.
+ 59 more rulings
Qibla Direction
اتجاه القبلة(45 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad said, regarding a lamp or lantern being in the direction of the Qibla: "I dislike it."
Forbidden (Haram)If a mujtahid's ijtihad leads him to a specific direction for prayer, it is not permissible for him to pray towards any other direction.
Required (Wajib)If a person becomes certain of an error in their prayer direction (through observation or certain news), they must turn towards the correct direction and continue their prayer.
+ 42 more rulings
Prayer Times and Prohibited Times
أوقات الصلاة وأوقات النهي(14 rulings)Required (Wajib)Shafi'i said: the amount of time by which the obligation (of prayer) is connected is the duration of one rak'ah.
Permissible (Mubah)If one doubts (about the prohibited time), he may pray until he knows.
Discouraged (Makruh)Because it is agreed upon that it is disliked (makruh) to pray at that (forbidden) time, as what is best is the opposite.
+ 11 more rulings
Women's Prayer Rulings
أحكام صلاة المرأة(12 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)When a woman prays, she should gather herself and join her thighs.
Preferred (Mustahabb)He (Ibn Umar) used to order women to sit cross-legged in prayer.
Required (Wajib)If a woman leads another woman in prayer, the follower woman stands to her right, similar to how a male follower stands with men.
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Purification (Taharah)8 topics
Wudu (Ablution) and Its Rulings
الوضوء وأحكامه(635 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is not obligatory to circulate water throughout the entire mouth.
Required (Wajib)His (the Prophet's) continuous practice of gargling and sniffing indicates their obligation.
Required (Wajib)However, what is apparent from Ahmad - may Allah have mercy on him - regarding a man, is the obligation of wiping the entire head.
+ 632 more rulings
Impurities and Their Purification
أنواع النجاسة وتطهيرها(407 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And the second (opinion) is: it is permissible to benefit from it (for dry things).
Preferred (Mustahabb)If one knows the exact impure substance, it is recommended to pour it out to remove doubt from oneself.
Whatever is affected by death becomes impure by it, just like meat.
+ 404 more rulings
Menstruation, Post-Natal Bleeding, and Chronic Impurity
الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة والأعذار الدائمة(359 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a woman sees black blood between two periods of red blood, or red blood between two periods of black blood, and it stops before the maximum duration of menses, then all of it is considered menses if it repeats.
Forbidden (Haram)As for menstruating women, they should stay away from prayer.
Required (Wajib)(Regarding menstrual blood on a garment) scratch it off, and pray in it.
+ 356 more rulings
Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
التيمم(233 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is another narration from Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, regarding salty earth (sabkha) and sand (raml), that it is permissible to perform tayammum with them.
Obligatory (Fard)Intention is only a condition for tayammum, according to Al-Thawri and Ahl al-Ra'y.
Permissible (Mubah)There is another view from the Qadi that tayammum before istijmar is valid.
+ 230 more rulings
General Principles of Purification
أحكام وأصول الطهارة العامة(174 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is not disliked (makruh), and it is permitted in the morning and evening (for a fasting person).
Obligatory (Fard)Intention is one of the conditions for all purifications from minor and major impurities; wudu, ghusl, and tayammum are not valid without it.
Permissible (Mubah)According to Al-Thawri and Ahl al-Ra'y, intention is not a condition for purification with water.
+ 171 more rulings
Ghusl (Ritual Bath) and Major Ritual Impurity
الغسل والحدث الأكبر(174 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)No ghusl is required for him. This is a single narration because it is one state of janabah, so two ghusls are not obligated by it.
If one penetrates the vagina of an intersex person, or an intersex person inserts their male organ into a vagina, or one of them penetrates the other in their vagina, then ghusl is not required for either of them, because it is possible that the organ is a superfluous creation.
Permissible (Mubah)A Sa' (measure) suffices you for ghusl.
+ 171 more rulings
Funeral Rulings and Purification of the Deceased
أحكام الجنائز وتطهير الميت(67 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Sufyan said concerning a man who died among women, with no men present: If they find a Christian or a Magian, there is no harm if he performs ablution, for him to wash him, and the women should pray over him.
For that reason, if [the agent in a profit-sharing partnership] dies [after the contract has ceased], his shrouding is not obligatory upon the capital owner.
If one embraces Islam and then is martyred, ghusl is not required for them.
+ 64 more rulings
Circumcision
الختان والخفاض(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)[Regarding a dhimmi convert to Islam seeking purification through circumcision], there is no escape from that (it is indispensable for him).
Preferred (Mustahabb)And it is an honor for women.
Preferred (Mustahabb)[Regarding an adult male or female convert], it is more beloved to me that they purify themselves (through circumcision).
+ 5 more rulings
Transactions (Mu'amalat)66 topics
Sales, Exchange, and Contractual Options (Buyu', Sarf, Salam, Khiyar)
البيوع والصرف والسلم والخيارات(2264 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If he (the seller) took possession of it (the dirhams) and then they separated, the contract is nullified.
Likewise, if one says 'until a month' (referring to a duration), it would be its end.
If the term is a name that could refer to two things, such as Jumada, Rabi', or the day of Nafr, it refers to the earlier of the two.
+ 2261 more rulings
Debts, Loans, and Transfers (Dayn, Qard, Hawalah, Ariyah)
الديون والقروض والحوالات والعارية(704 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one spends without the owner's permission, he shall not get anything back, because he spent on the owner's property without his permission for an expense not obligatory on the owner, resembling one who built another house for himself.
If the mukri (one offering the service/animal for hire) himself weighed and packed the goods, and the muktawi (one hiring the service) was unaware of the excess weight, then the mukri is considered a usurper and is not entitled to any additional wage for carrying the extra amount.
If his (the mukri's) animal perishes (in the scenario where the mukri usurped by carrying extra unknowingly to the muktawi), there is no compensation for it, because it perished due to the owner's (the mukri's) transgression.
+ 701 more rulings
Property Rights, Ownership, and Pre-emption (Milk, Ihya al-Mawat, Shuf'ah)
حقوق الملكية والإحياء والشفعة(620 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)So when one of them arrives, he is not allowed to take except the entire property, or leave it.
Permissible (Mubah)he can take his tools/materials.
If it (the path) is a passage that cannot be divided, then there is no pre-emption in it.
+ 617 more rulings
Partnerships and Profit-Sharing (Shirka, Mudarabah, Muzara'ah, Musaqah)
الشركات والمضاربة والمزارعة والمساقاة(522 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If they make the profit between them half-and-half, and do not explicitly state it is a Mudarabah, it is permissible, and it is considered a commenda (ibda') as mentioned previously.
Required (Wajib)As for the harvesting of dates (Al-Jithadh), harvesting of crops (Al-Hisad), and gleaning (Al-Liqat), it is upon the worker.
Permissible (Mubah)It is narrated from Ahmad concerning Al-Jithadh (date harvesting) that if it is stipulated upon the worker, it is permissible.
+ 519 more rulings
Leasing, Hiring, and Labor Contracts (Ijara)
عقود الإجارة والعمل(496 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to hire an ophthalmologist to apply kohl to one's eye.
Permissible (Mubah)As for hiring a cupper for services other than cupping, such as phlebotomy, shaving hair, trimming it, circumcision, and cutting something from the body when needed, it is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)The wage is not established by that (i.e., by the employee merely making himself available if the employer does not enable him to work).
+ 493 more rulings
Pledges and Mortgages (Rahn)
الرهن(359 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Then if they pawned both slaves with a man unconditionally, it is valid.
Required (Wajib)In every instance where a financial liability is established upon a slave, it takes precedence over the mortgage.
Required (Wajib)But if its owner comes and requests it, he should give it to him and ask for his right.
+ 356 more rulings
Gifts, Donations, and Endowments (Hiba, Sadaqah, Waqf)
الهبات والتبرعات والأوقاف(270 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Endowed lands for the benefit of the Muslim community are not to be sold or inherited.
Forbidden (Haram)However, if it is presented as a condition, it is not valid.
Forbidden (Haram)The gift of something unknown is not valid.
+ 267 more rulings
Usurpation, Damages, and Compensation (Ghasb & Daman)
الغصب والإتلاف والتعويض(237 rulings)Required (Wajib)One view is that he is obligated to accept it, because the dye has become a quality of the object, similar to an increase in quality in a forward contract (salam).
Permissible (Mubah)Then he (the usurper) is not obligated to return it or its like.
Required (Wajib)If its value had increased at the time of its destruction, then its value at that time is obligatory upon him.
+ 234 more rulings
Agency (Wakalah)
الوكالة(213 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The client has the right of recourse against his agent if the agent paid the debt without proof in the absence of the client.
Forbidden (Haram)The client cannot recourse against the agent for anything unless he had ordered the agent to bring witnesses and the agent failed to do so.
Forbidden (Haram)If the client confirms the payment, he cannot recourse against the agent for anything.
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riba interest
ربا الفائدة(203 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Do not sell an absent item for a present one.
Permissible (Mubah)If the goods are immediate and the dirhams are deferred, it is permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)And if the dirhams are immediate and the goods are deferred, it is not permissible.
+ 200 more rulings
Guarantees and Suretyship (Daman & Kafalah)
الضمان والكفالة(103 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is valid to guarantee something that has not yet become obligatory.
Required (Wajib)If the item is sold for the debt or perishes, the owner can claim its value from the one who pledged it, because borrowed items are guaranteed by their value.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to guarantee the wife's maintenance, whether it is for her current day or future; because the maintenance for the current day is obligatory, and future maintenance will eventually become obligatory. The guarantor is liable for whatever the husband is liable for according to the madhab's methodology.
+ 100 more rulings
Slave Transactions and Manumission (Raqiq & Itq)
معاملات الرقيق والعتق(73 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)I dislike loaning them (humans).
Forbidden (Haram)Then loaning them (humans) is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)It is possible that loaning male slaves is valid, but not female slaves.
+ 70 more rulings
Minor and Interdicted Persons' Transactions and Guardianship (Tasrufat al-Saghir wal-Mahjur)
تصرفات الصغير والمحجور عليه والولاية عليهم(36 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)His making a slave woman Umm Walad (mother of his child) is valid, and the slave woman who is Umm Walad becomes free upon his death.
Permissible (Mubah)If the guardian of a legally incompetent person (safeeh) permits him to buy and sell, is it valid from him? There are two views; one of them is that it is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)The second view is that it is not valid, because he is interdicted due to his extravagance and poor management. If the guardian permits him, he has permitted something without benefit, so it is not valid.
+ 33 more rulings
Liabilities, Trusts, and Deposits (Daman, Amanat, Wadi'ah)
المسؤولية والأمانات والودائع(32 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If the second party guaranteed (paid) with knowledge of the situation, he cannot claim from the first party.
Permissible (Mubah)If it (the item) decreased, he (the payer) claims the deficit from the poor person.
Forbidden (Haram)If some of them said to him, "Throw your goods," and he threw them, then the ruling is the same (he cannot claim it back).
+ 29 more rulings
Business Ethics and Market Regulations (Adab al-Suq & Tas'ir)
آداب السوق والتسعير(29 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)The Prophet, peace be upon him, only disliked that (cupping) for a free person out of honor for him, due to the lowliness of this profession.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to learn the profession of cupping.
Discouraged (Makruh)And it is disliked to hire oneself out for it (cupping).
+ 26 more rulings
Contracts - Formation, Conditions, and Validity (Uqud: Takwin, Shurut, Sihha)
العقود: التكوين والشروط والصحة(28 rulings)Required (Wajib)The location of breastfeeding must be specified.
Permissible (Mubah)Annulment does not require a judge's ruling.
Permissible (Mubah)However, with contextual clues and indications, there is no reason to restrict (the contract/transfer) to verbal expression.
+ 25 more rulings
Dispute Resolution and Settlements (Sulh)
تسوية النزاعات والصلح(28 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If a settlement concerns something that requires delivery, it is not permissible if there is ignorance (about the item), and it must be known.
Forbidden (Haram)And to this (i.e., invalidity) went Al-Shafi'i; because the compensation is unknown, as the fruit is unknown and its portion is unknown, and one of the conditions for settlement is knowledge of the compensation.
Permissible (Mubah)They have the choice between cutting what is shaded or eating its fruit.
+ 25 more rulings
Specific Contracts (Uqud Khassah)
عقود خاصة ومتنوعة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to replace the specific animal in a grazing contract.
Permissible (Mubah)If the garment is deficient only in length, the weaver receives his proportionate share of the agreed-upon amount.
Forbidden (Haram)If the weaver produces the garment with an excess in one dimension and a deficiency in another, he receives no wage for the excess part.
+ 14 more rulings
Insolvency Asset Management
إدارة أصول المفلس(13 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whatever remains from the sale of the offending slave is returned to the creditors.
Required (Wajib)Whatever remains from the price of the pledged item is returned to the creditors.
Required (Wajib)If any part of the mortgagee's debt remains, he shares in it with the other creditors.
+ 10 more rulings
Guarantee and Compensation
الضمان والتعويض(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)For the offspring of a usurped item is not compensated if it was not usurped.
Required (Wajib)And it is compensated according to the other view.
Required (Wajib)Except for the case where compensation for parts damaged by authorized use is obligatory, then it is compensated with its value before its parts were destroyed, if its value at that time was higher.
+ 9 more rulings
+ 46 more topics in this category
worship29 topics
Preparation, Funeral Prayer, and Burial of the Deceased
تجهيز الميت والصلاة والدفن(288 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to place al-Dharirah (ground perfume) in the joints and folds of the deceased, which are the places that bend in a person, such as the bends of the knees, under the armpits, and the bases of the thighs, because these are places of dirt.
Preferred (Mustahabb)The places of prostration should be perfumed with musk and camphor, because they are noble limbs.
Preferred (Mustahabb)A man prepares his shroud, prays in it for days, or enters ihram in it, then washes it and puts it aside for his shroud? He [Ahmad] considered it good.
+ 285 more rulings
Adhan and Iqama
الأذان والإقامة(143 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)If one hears the Adhan while in prayer, they should not repeat what the Mu'adhin says, so as not to be distracted from the prayer by something not part of it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)If one hears the Adhan while reciting (Quran), they should interrupt their recitation to repeat what the Mu'adhin says, because the Adhan's response is time-sensitive while recitation is not.
Permissible (Mubah)If one says (repeats after the Adhan) anything other than the 'Hay'alah' (Come to prayer, Come to success) while in prayer, the prayer does not become void, because it is a form of remembrance of Allah.
+ 140 more rulings
Grave Visitation, Condolences, and Mourning
زيارة القبور والتعزية والحداد(80 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If your father had been a Muslim, and you emancipated a slave on his behalf, or gave charity on his behalf, or performed Hajj on his behalf, that would reach him.
Preferred (Mustahabb)The second narration states that it is not disliked [to visit graves], due to the generality of his (peace be upon him) saying: 'I used to forbid you from visiting graves, so visit them.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)(When asked by a man if it would benefit his deceased mother if he gave charity on her behalf, the Prophet said): "Yes."
+ 77 more rulings
Mosque Rulings and Etiquette
أحكام وآداب المساجد(78 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to include all of them and treat them equally, if the endower did not favor some of them over others, when the beneficiaries can be counted, fully covered, and treated equally.
Discouraged (Makruh)If it is something only about their mention, he should not listen.
Preferred (Mustahabb)But if you were to sell them (the Kaaba's removed coverings) and place their price in the path of Allah and for the needy (miskin).
+ 75 more rulings
Dhikr, Dua, and Specific Prostrations
الذكر والدعاء والسجود الخاص(49 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he wishes, he may say it (Subhana Rabbiyal A'laa after a specific verse) to himself.
Preferred (Mustahabb)The prayer (salat) here means supplication and blessing, and it is not obligatory.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended for the recipient to supplicate for the giver, saying: 'May Allah reward you for what you have given, bless you in what you have spent, and make it a purification for you.'
+ 46 more rulings
General Etiquette, Social Interactions, and Earnings
الآداب العامة والمكاسب(35 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And a man afflicted by poverty, to the extent that three intelligent people from his community say: 'So-and-so has been afflicted by poverty,' for whom asking for charity is permissible until he obtains enough to sustain himself.
Forbidden (Haram)It is permissible to consider that asking for charity is forbidden.
Discouraged (Makruh)Groaning is disliked, due to what was narrated from Tawus that he disliked it.
+ 32 more rulings
Quran Recitation and Mushaf Etiquette
تلاوة القرآن وأحكام المصحف(31 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in reciting the Quran while walking on the road, or while a person is lying down.
Permissible (Mubah)As for part of a verse, if it is something that is not distinguished as Quran from other things, such as the Tasmiyah (Bismillah), Alhamdulillah, and other forms of remembrance, then if it is not intended as Quran, there is no harm in reciting it.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to travel with the Mushaf to enemy territory (Dar al-Harb) because Ibn Umar narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Do not travel with the Quran to the land of the enemy, for fear that it might fall into their hands."
+ 28 more rulings
Haram and Madinah Sanctuaries
الحرمين الشريفين(30 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to graze animals on the grass of the Haram, which is the madhab of Ata and Al-Shafi'i.
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to cut down trees within the Haram (sacred sanctuary).
Permissible (Mubah)Except for Al-Idhkhir (a type of grass).
+ 27 more rulings
Principles of Belief, Legal Competence, and General Worship
أصول الإيمان والتكليف والعبادة(26 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one intends the obligatory circumambulation (tawaf), they are permitted to perform voluntary circumambulation with that intention.
Permissible (Mubah)As for acts of worship related to wealth, such as Zakat, voluntary charities (Sadaqat), vows, and expiations, it is permissible to appoint an agent for their collection and distribution. And it is permissible for the one paying to appoint an agent for their extraction and delivery to their rightful recipients.
Permissible (Mubah)And whenever the perpetrator is an unlearned person who imitated someone who believes it is permissible, there is no blame on him.
+ 23 more rulings
Expiations, Vows, and Emancipation
الكفارات والنذور والعتق(21 rulings)Required (Wajib)That expiation is due upon him (who engages in intercourse during I'tikaf).
Required (Wajib)The recipients of this expiation are the same as the recipients of other expiations, because it is an expiation, and because the needy are the recipients of Allah's rights, and this is one of them.
Required (Wajib)If one bequeaths for 'doors of righteousness,' it should be spent on anything that constitutes righteousness and proximity to Allah.
+ 18 more rulings
Specific Worship Occasions and Travel
عبادات خاصة والسفر(18 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for women, there is no harm in elderly women and those who are not attractive going out.
Discouraged (Makruh)As for young women and those who are attractive, it is not recommended for them to go out, because the harm in their going out outweighs the benefit.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to strive hard in worship during these days [the first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah].
+ 15 more rulings
Care for the Dying and Immediate Post-Death Procedures
أحكام المحتضر وما بعد الوفاة مباشرة(16 rulings)Required (Wajib)When death is certain, he should be faced towards the Qibla.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Whoever's last words at death are 'I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, alone, without partner,' except that it demolishes the sins and transgressions that preceded it. So, teach it to your dying ones.
Required (Wajib)And his eyes should be closed.
+ 13 more rulings
Number of Shroud Garments
عدد أثواب الكفن(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to shroud in two garments.
Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi said: Less than three garments are not sufficient for shrouding for one who is able to afford them.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Ahmad said: A boy should be shrouded in a single piece of cloth.
+ 4 more rulings
Forbidden Ascetic Practices
ممارسات الزهد المحرمة(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)'There is no silence from day until night.'
Forbidden (Haram)that this is not permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)Silence from speech, and the apparent meaning of the narrations is its prohibition.
+ 2 more rulings
Grave Form and Height
شكل القبر وارتفاعه(5 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise the grave except a little.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise it with more than its own soil.
Discouraged (Makruh)The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) forbade adding more soil to the grave than what came out of its excavation.
+ 2 more rulings
Religious Obligations and Child Discipline
الواجبات الشرعية وتأديب الصغار(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)There is no one among Allah's creation upon whom Hajj and Umrah are not both obligatory, and they are indispensable for whoever can find a way to them.
Required (Wajib)He is killed for his disbelief like an apostate, so he is not washed, nor shrouded, nor buried among Muslims, nor does anyone inherit from him, nor does he inherit from anyone.
Required (Wajib)He is killed as a legal punishment (hadd), while his status as a Muslim is maintained.
+ 2 more rulings
Rulings on Crescent Sighting
أحكام رؤية الهلال(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if two witnesses testify [to the crescent sighting], it is obligatory to accept their testimony.
Permissible (Mubah)Therefore, if a judge rules based on the sighting [of the crescent] by the testimony of one witness, it is permissible.
Required (Wajib)If a trustworthy informant informs someone of the sighting of the crescent, fasting becomes obligatory for them.
+ 1 more ruling
Drinking Zamzam Water
شرب ماء زمزم(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)One should say when drinking: 'In the name of Allah. O Allah, make it for us beneficial knowledge, vast provision, quenching and satiation, a cure from every illness, and wash my heart with it, and fill it with Your wisdom.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to come to Zamzam, drink from its water for whatever one wishes, and drink to one's fill.
Preferred (Mustahabb)When you drink from it, face the Kaaba, mention Allah's name, breathe three times while drinking from Zamzam, drink to your fill, and when you finish, praise Allah the Almighty.
Priority in Burial
أولوية الدفن(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one has relatives who have died, one should start with burying the one whose body is feared to decompose first.
Preferred (Mustahabb)If they are equal in closeness (of relationship), then the most honorable and best of them should be given precedence.
Required (Wajib)If they are equal in that (fear of decomposition), one should start with the closest relative, according to the order of financial support (nafaqat).
Priority in Calling Adhan
أولوية الأذان(2 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)One should not call the adhan before the regular muezzin.
Permissible (Mubah)Unless he (the regular muezzin) is absent and there is a fear of missing the time for the adhan, then someone else should call it.
+ 9 more topics in this category
Zakat12 topics
Zakat on Monetary Wealth and Trade Goods
زكاة الأموال النقدية وعروض التجارة(718 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Abu Bakr chose that neither gold is combined with silver, nor silver with gold (for zakat calculation).
All debt prevents zakat on apparent wealth.
Required (Wajib)Zakat on gold and silver is obligatory by the Qur'an, Sunnah, and scholarly consensus.
+ 715 more rulings
Zakat on Agriculture and Produce
زكاة الزروع والثمار(221 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he sells or gifts it after its soundness appears, then its Zakat is upon the seller and the giver.
Required (Wajib)Ahmad's school of thought is that a tenth (zakat) is due on honey.
Required (Wajib)Al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa said: Zakat on olives is to be given from the olives as fruit, like other fruits.
+ 218 more rulings
Recipients and Distribution of Zakat
مصارف الزكاة وتوزيعها(180 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Nor should a relative be favored with it (zakat).
Forbidden (Haram)Nor should one preserve his own wealth with it (zakat).
Forbidden (Haram)If he considers them among his dependents, then he should not give them (zakat).
+ 177 more rulings
Zakat al-Fitr
زكاة الفطر(172 rulings)Less than that (one Sa') is not sufficient from any type of produce given (for Zakat al-Fitr).
Permissible (Mubah)And similarly, it is sufficient for one who does not find anything other than it [dried yogurt/aqt] from the explicitly mentioned types (for Zakat al-Fitr).
Preferred (Mustahabb)Ahmad only chose to give dates in emulation of the companions of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) and in following him.
+ 169 more rulings
Zakat on Livestock
زكاة الأنعام(45 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Whenever an age category immediately following the obligatory one is found, it is not permissible to move to an age category that is not immediately next to it. This is because moving beyond the immediately succeeding age category is considered a substitute, and such a substitute is not permissible when the primary option (the immediately succeeding age category) is available.
Pasturing (sā'imah) is a condition for the obligation of Zakat.
Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi's view is that Zakat is obligatory on it because feeding it [by the usurper] is forbidden, so it does not affect the Zakat.
+ 42 more rulings
Voluntary Charity (Sadaqah)
الصدقة والتطوع(44 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for those whose maintenance is obligatory upon him (the agent), other than his children, parents, or wife, it is permissible to give to them from the charity, just as it is permissible to give voluntary charity to them.
Forbidden (Haram)So he (the agent) should not eat anything from it (the charity); rather, he was commanded only to execute its distribution.
Forbidden (Haram)The explicit statement from Ahmad is that it is not permissible for the agent to take anything from the charity he is appointed to distribute, even if he is poor and the charity is for the poor.
+ 41 more rulings
Zakat on Minerals, Buried Treasure, and Sea Products
زكاة المعادن والركاز ومنتجات البحر(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)And on Rikaaz (buried treasure) is one-fifth.
Permissible (Mubah)Malik and Shafi'i said: Zakat is not due except on gold and silver.
Required (Wajib)Then Zakat on the mineral is obligatory upon him, not Zakat on the price, because Zakat is only connected to the mineral itself, or its value if it is not a currency.
+ 15 more rulings
Zakat Administration and Collection
إدارة الزكاة وتحصيلها(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If there is no need to sell the sadaqah, then Al-Qadi stated that it is not permissible, the sale is void, and the collector is liable for compensation.
Forbidden (Haram)Ahmad said: People should not be made to swear an oath regarding their sadaqat (charity/zakat), because it is a right of Allah Almighty, so no oath should be sought concerning it, just like for prayer and legal penalties.
Permissible (Mubah)If the zakat collector takes the sadaqah and needs to sell it for a benefit, such as the cost of transporting it or if it is sick, then he is permitted to do so.
+ 11 more rulings
Khums (One-Fifth Tax) and Spoils of War
الخمس والغنيمة(10 rulings)The buried treasure (rukaz) to which the obligation of khums (one-fifth) applies is that which was buried during the period of Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic era).
Required (Wajib)And if one finds it in this land on its surface, or in an untrodden path, or a ruined village, then it is likewise in ruling (meaning khums is due).
Required (Wajib)It is recounted that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz took the fifth (Khums) from ambergris.
+ 7 more rulings
Zakat on Jewelry
زكاة الحلي(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)(According to Ibn Hamid) It is permissible as long as it does not reach one thousand mithqal; if it reaches that, it becomes forbidden, and Zakat is due on it.
Required (Wajib)Unless one intends to break and melt it, in which case Zakat is due on it then.
If jewelry is broken in a way that does not prevent its use and wearing, it is like intact jewelry, and there is no Zakat on it.
+ 1 more ruling
Financial Obligations for Non-Muslims (Dhimmis)
الأحكام المالية المتعلقة بالذمي(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)there is no 'ushr (tithe) upon him (the Dhimmi) for what comes out of it (the land), because it is zakat, and zakat is not obligatory upon a Dhimmi, like the zakat on grazing livestock.
Required (Wajib)If they (Dhimmis) buy it (such land), the 'ushr (tithe) is doubled for them, and one-fifth is taken from them.
General Principles and Obligation of Zakat
فريضة الزكاة وأحكامها العامة(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And it (buying back charity) is also a means to giving the monetary value (instead of the item itself), and that is prohibited.
Required (Wajib)And the consideration (for the Iraqi ratl measurement) is given to the first [standard] before the increase.